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Mineral Deficiencies in India

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Vitamin Deficiencies in India

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Clear and Present HealthCare Crisis in India Due to Nutritional Deficiencies

Vitamin Deficiencies in India

Micronutrient Deficiencies in India are a cause of 0.5% of deaths
A meta-analysis reported that folic acid deficiency is present in 41%, vitamin B12 deficiency in 48%, and vitamin D deficiency in 60% of Indians aged over 18 years.
Micronutrient Deficiencies are estimated to cost up to 2.5% of India's GDP

Mineral Deficiency in India

The National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) reported anemia in 57% of women and 25.0% of men aged 15-49 years.
Overall, 52.2% of pregnant women, 57.2% of non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years, and 61% of lactating women were anemic.
Anemia was more prevalent among women and men in rural areas than in urban areas (women—59% vs. 54%; men—27% vs. 20%)

Comprehensive Details on Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins are nutrients that our body needs for normal function. These organic compounds are required in small amounts, but they play a significant role in maintaining good health. There are two types of vitamins: fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins.

FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE

MACRO , MICRO and TRACE MINERALS

Minerals are also essential substances needed for multiple functions and enzymatic processes in our bodies. Deficiencies of minerals are increasingly recognized as key etiologies in a number of diseases. There are two types of minerals:

MACRO MINERALS MICRO and TRACE MINERALS

Vitamins and Minerals Essential for Human Body

Drugs and specific treatment procedures that lead to micronutrient deficiencies


Drug/treatment	Micronutrient deficiency
CRRT	Copper, selenium, vitamin C, folate, thiamine, and carnitine
Proton pump inhibitors	Vitamin B ₁₂
Metformin (especially chronic use and high-dose metformin)	Vitamin B ₁₂
Loop diuretics	Vitamin B ₁, calcium, and magnesium
Thiazide diuretics	Zinc, magnesium
Glucocorticoids	Calcium
Isoniazid	Niacin, pyridoxine
Valproic acid	Carnitine
Methotrexate, pentamidine, sulfasalazine, phenytoin, cholestyramine	Folate
Statins	Coenzyme Q10
ACE inhibitors	Zinc

ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy

Micronutrient deficiencies leading to disease, and diseases that cause micronutrient deficiencies

Micronutrient deficiency leading to disease
Micronutrient deficiency	Subsequent disease
Vitamin B ₁	Anemia, heart failure, and sarcopenia
Vitamin B ₆	Heart failure, sarcopenia
Vitamin B ₉	Anemia, hypertension, and obesity
Vitamin B ₁₂	Anemia, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and NAFLD
Vitamin C	Obesity
Vitamin D	Vascular function, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia
Vitamin E	Sarcopenia
Vitamin K	Osteoporosis, CVD, and diabetes mellitus
Cr	Diabetes mellitus
Cu	Anemia, COPD, and osteoporosis
Mg	Osteoporosis, diabetes complications, diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and asthma
Se	Prediabetes, asthma, CVD, and obesity
Zn	Prediabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis
Disease states leading to micronutrient deficiency
Disease	Vitamin deficiency	Mineral deficiency
Alcoholism	B ₁, B ₂, B ₆, B ₉, B ₁₂, C, D	Zn ⁵⁴
Chronic intestinal failure	A, B ₁₂, D, E, K	Mg, Fe, Zn ⁵⁵
Chronic atrophic gastritis	B ₁₂, C, D	Ca, Fe ⁵⁶
Chronic renal failure	B vitamins, C, D	Cu ⁵⁸
Inflammatory bowel disease	B ₁, B ₆, B ₉, B ₁₂, D, K	Fe, Se, Zn ⁵⁹
Liver disease	B ₁, B ₆, B ₉, D, E	Cu, Zn ⁶⁰

Role of various micronutrients in the human body 1


Vitamin/mineral	Role in the human body
Vitamin B ₁	Antioxidant; inhibits oxidative-stress-mediated stimulation of NFκB
Vitamin B ₂	Antiinflammatory; cofactor for enzymes
Vitamin B ₆	Regulates intestinal immunity; maintains NK cell cytotoxicity activity
Folate	Maintains NK cell cytotoxicity activity
Vitamin B ₁₂	Immunomodulator for cellular immunity
Vitamin C	Maintains redox homeostasis; regenerates antioxidants to the active state
Vitamin E	A fat-soluble antioxidant that protects against free radicals enhances IL-2 production, decreases prostaglandin production
Vitamin D	Increases the oxidative potential of macrophages; reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines
Zinc	Maintains/enhances NK cell cytotoxicity activity; plays a role in the growth and differentiation of immune cells; enhances phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages
Selenium	Selenoproteins are important for antioxidant defence
Iron	Bacterial killing by neutrophils, components of enzymes critical for immune cell functioning
Magnesium	Cofactor for enzymes and stabilized nucleic acids, involved in DNA replication and repair

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; IL-2, interleukin-2; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B; NK, natural killer

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